25 research outputs found
Ripples in Thin Films
Capillary ripples on thin viscous films are important features of coating and
lubrication flows. Here we present experiments based on Digital Holographic
Microscopy, measuring the morphology of capillary ripples ahead of a viscous
drop spreading on a prewetted surface with a nanoscale resolution. Our
experiments reveal that upon increasing the spreading velocity, the amplitude
of the ripples first increases and subsequently decreases. Above a critical
spreading velocity, the ripples even disappear completely and this transition
is accompanied by a divergence of the ripple wavelength. These observations are
explained quantitatively using linear wave analysis, beyond the usual
lubrication approximation, illustrating that new phenomena arise when the
capillary number becomes order unity.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Spreading of viscoplastic droplets
The spreading under surface tension and gravity of a droplet of yield-stress
fluid over a thin film of the same material is studied. The droplet converges
to a final equilibrium shape once the driving stresses inside the droplet fall
below the yield stress. Scaling laws are presented for the final radius and
complemented with an asymptotic analysis for shallow droplets. Moreover,
numerical simulations using the volume-of-fluid method and a regularized
constitutive law, and experiments with an aqueous solution of Carbopol are
presented.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figure
Billiards with Spatial Memory
Many classes of active matter develop spatial memory by encoding information
in space, leading to complex pattern formation. It has been proposed that
spatial memory can lead to more efficient navigation and collective behaviour
in biological systems and influence the fate of synthetic systems. This raises
important questions about the fundamental properties of dynamical systems with
spatial memory. We present a framework based on mathematical billiards in which
particles remember their past trajectories and react to them. Despite the
simplicity of its fundamental deterministic rules, such a system is strongly
non-ergodic and exhibits highly-intermittent statistics, manifesting in complex
pattern formation. We show how these self-memory-induced complexities emerge
from the temporal change of topology and the consequent chaos in the system. We
study the fundamental properties of these billiards and particularly the
long-time behaviour when the particles are self-trapped in an arrested state.
We exploit numerical simulations of several millions of particles to explore
pattern formation and the corresponding statistics in polygonal billiards of
different geometries. Our work illustrates how the dynamics of a single-body
system can dramatically change when particles feature spatial memory and
provide a scheme to further explore systems with complex memory kernels.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Viscoplastic Lines: Printing a Single Filament of Yield Stress Material on a Surface
This study presents the spreading of a single filament of a yield stress
(viscoplastic) fluid extruded onto a pre-wetted solid surface. The filaments
spread laterally under surface tension forces until they reach a final
equilibrium shape when the yield stress dominates. We use a simple experimental
setup to print the filaments on a moving surface and measure their final width
using optical coherence tomography. Additionally, we present a scaling law for
the final width and determine the corresponding pre-factor using asymptotic
analysis. We then analyse the level of agreement between the theory and
experiments and discuss the possible origins of discrepancies. The process
studied here has applications in extrusion-based thermoplastic and bio-3D
printing
Interfacial accumulation of self-propelled Janus colloids in sessile droplets
Living microorganisms in confined systems typically experience an affinity to
populate boundaries. The reason for such affinity to interfaces can be a
combination of their directed motion and hydrodynamic interactions at distances
larger than their own size. Here we will show that self-propelled Janus
particles (polystyrene particles partially coated with platinum) immersed in
droplets of water and hydrogen peroxide tend to accumulate in the vicinity of
the liquid/gas interface. Interestingly, the interfacial accumulation occurs
despite the presence of an evaporation-driven flow caused by a solutal
Marangoni flow, which typically tends to redistribute the particles within the
droplet's bulk. By performing additional experiments with passive colloids
(flow tracers) and comparing with numerical simulations for both particle
active motion and the fluid flow, we disentangle the dominating mechanisms
behind the observed interfacial particle accumulation. These results allow us
to make an analogy between active Janus particles and some biological
microswimmers concerning how they interact with their environment.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure
Arrested on heating: controlling the motility of active droplets by temperature
One of the challenges in tailoring the dynamics of active, self-propelling
agents lies in arresting and releasing these agents at will. Here, we present
an experimental system of active droplets with thermally controllable and
reversible states of motion, from unsteady over meandering to persistent to
arrested motion. These states depend on the P\'eclet number of the chemical
reaction driving the motion, which we can tune by using a temperature sensitive
mixture of surfactants as a fuel medium. We quantify the droplet dynamics by
analysing flow and chemical fields for the individual states, comparing them to
canonical models for autophoretic particles. In the context of these models, we
are able to observe in situ the fundamental first transition between the
isotropic, immotile base state and self-propelled motility
Stress-Induced Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence at the Single Cell Level.
One of the characteristic features of many marine dinoflagellates is their bioluminescence, which lights up nighttime breaking waves or seawater sliced by a ship's prow. While the internal biochemistry of light production by these microorganisms is well established, the manner by which fluid shear or mechanical forces trigger bioluminescence is still poorly understood. We report controlled measurements of the relation between mechanical stress and light production at the single cell level, using high-speed imaging of micropipette-held cells of the marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula subjected to localized fluid flows or direct indentation. We find a viscoelastic response in which light intensity depends on both the amplitude and rate of deformation, consistent with the action of stretch-activated ion channels. A phenomenological model captures the experimental observations.Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Schlumberger Chair Fund
French government funding (ANR
Spreading of droplets under various gravitational accelerations
We describe a setup to perform systematic studies on the spreading of droplets of complex fluids under microgravity conditions. Tweaking
the gravitational acceleration under which droplets are deposited provides access to different regimes of the spreading dynamics, as quantified
through the Bond number. In particular, microgravity allows us to form large droplets while remaining in the regime where surface tension
2effects and internal driving stresses are predominant over hydrostatic forces. The VIP-DROP (VIsco-Plastic DROPlets on the DROP tower)
experimental module provides a versatile platform to study a wide range of complex fluids through the deposition of axisymmetric droplets.
The module offers the possibility to deposit droplets on a precursor layer, which can be composed of the same or a different fluid. Furthermore,
it allows us to deposit four droplets simultaneously while conducting shadowgraphy on all of them and observing either the flow field (through
particle image velocimetry) or the stress distribution inside the droplet in the case of stress birefringent fluids. It was developed for a drop
tower catapult system, is designed to withstand a vertical acceleration of up to 30 times the Earth's gravitational acceleration in the downward
direction, and is capable of operating remotely under microgravity conditions. We provide a detailed description of the module and an
exemplary data analysis for droplets spreading on-ground and in microgravity
Controlled spreading of complex droplets
The current thesis investigates the controlled spreading of droplets of complex fluids. This thesis makes four primary scientific contributions. Firstly, we provide detailed theoretical analysis on spreading of yield stress fluids. We employ lubrication theory, asymptotic solutions, and numerical simulations to explain the dynamics and final static shape of a viscoplastic droplet on a solid horizontal surface. We show that the final radius of the droplet becomes smaller with increasing the yield stress. Secondly, we provide experimental data to verify our theoretical solutions. In our experiments, we first provide a method to eliminate the apparent slip of the yield stress fluid. The method uses a chemical modification of glass surfaces to generate permanent positive charges, resulting in a no-slip boundary condition. We directly observe the slip and no-slip of the Carbopol droplets, using a visualization method based on confocal microscopy. We then perform shadowgraphy experiments to measure the final radius of the droplets under different conditions such as extruding and impacting droplets.
We compare the theoretical and experimental results and discuss the similarities and differences. Briefly, the asymptotic solutions overestimates the experimental results (most likely due to the assumption of a shallow layer), while numerical solutions are much closer to the experimental outcomes. Thirdly, we provide a comprehensive rheological characterization of a particular thermo-responsive fluid, Pluronic F127. We show that the aqueous solution of the polymer undergoes a sol(Newtonian)-gel(yield stress) transition upon heating. We further characterize the properties of the gel in detail. Finally, we show one can thermally trigger a thermo-responsive droplet to externally control the final shape of the droplet on a surface. In short, the final radius of the droplet can be controlled by heating the surface; for a given concentration, the larger the surface temperature, the smaller the final shape of a droplet. In the same part of the thesis, we introduce a novel experimental method based on optical coherence tomography to identify the solidified region inside a droplet.Applied Science, Faculty ofGraduat